back up their aspirations. Finally, if their nationalistic 
     members are successful, and a new or old state 
     organization is put into their service, then at last the 
     nation has become sovereign, and a nation-state  has 
     come into being.

     Carlton Hayes has made it plain that there was no 
nationalism before the Renaissance, and we have now seen 
enough of the character of print technology to know why this 
should be so. For if print made the vernaculars into mass 
media, they also constituted a means of central government 
control of society beyond anything that even the Romans had 
known with papyrus and alphabet and paved roads. But the 
very nature of print creates two conflicting interests as 
between producers and consumers, and between rulers and 
ruled. For print as a form of centrally organized mass